参考文献

1.112026-08-29

白皮书正文引用的全部来源,并尽可能附上稳定的标识符。

Amodei, Dario, others (2016). Concrete Problems in AI Safety arXiv preprint. arXiv:1606.06565

Amrhein, Valentin, Greenland, Sander, McShane, Blake (2019). Scientists rise up against statistical significance Nature 567(7748) 305–307. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00857-9

Balloccu, Simone, Schmidtová, Patricia, Lango, Matúš and Dušek, Ondřej (2024). Leak, Cheat, Repeat: Data Contamination and Evaluation Malpractices in Closed-Source LLMs Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL). arXiv:2402.03927

Bengio, Yoshua, others (2025). International AI Safety Report arXiv preprint. arXiv:2501.17805 UK Department for Science, Innovation and Technology; arXiv:2501.17805. Update versions arXiv:2510.13653 and arXiv:2602.21012 exist.

Campbell, Donald T., Fiske, Donald W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix Psychological Bulletin 56(2) 81–105. doi:10.1037/h0046016

Campbell, Donald T. (1979). Assessing the impact of planned social change Evaluation and Program Planning 2(1) 67–90. doi:10.1016/0149-7189(79)90048-X

Christen, Peter (2012). Data Matching: Concepts and Techniques for Record Linkage, Entity Resolution, and Duplicate Detection Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-31164-2

Cronbach, Lee J., Meehl, Paul E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests Psychological Bulletin 52(4) 281–302. doi:10.1037/h0040957

Douglas, Heather (2004). The Irreducible Complexity of Objectivity Synthese 138(3) 453–473. doi:10.1023/B:SYNT.0000016451.18182.91

Douglas, Heather (2009). Science, Policy, and the Value-Free Ideal University of Pittsburgh Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt6wrc78

Elliott, Kevin C. (2022). Values in Science Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009052597

Elo, Arpad E. (1978). The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present Arco Publishing

European Union (2024). Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (EU AI Act). Official Journal of the European Union, L series, 12 July 2024 CELEX 32024R1689

Gao, Leo, Schulman, John, Hilton, Jacob (2023). Scaling Laws for Reward Model Overoptimization Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). arXiv:2210.10760

Gardhouse, Kathrin, Oueslati, Amin, Kolt, Noam (2026). Regulating AI Agents. doi:10.2139/ssrn.6462658 Non-peer-reviewed preprint

Garfield, Eugene (1955). Citation Indexes for Science Science 122(3159) 108–111. doi:10.1126/science.122.3159.108

Goodhart, Charles A. E. (1984). Problems of Monetary Management: The UK Experience Monetary Theory and Practice: The UK Experience Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-17295-5_4 Originally published 1975 in Papers in Monetary Economics, Vol. I, Reserve Bank of Australia.

Hacker, Philipp, Holweg, Matthias (2026). A Pragmatic Approach to Regulating AI Agents. doi:10.2139/ssrn.6509259 Non-peer-reviewed preprint

Hendrycks, Dan, Burns, Collin, Basart, Steven, Zou, Andy and Mazeika, Mantas, Song, Dawn, Steinhardt, Jacob (2021). Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding arXiv preprint. arXiv:2009.03300

Hirsch, Jorge E. (2005). An index to quantify an individual's scientific research output Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102(46) 16569–16572. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507655102

Huber, Peter J., Ronchetti, Elvezio M. (2009). Robust Statistics Wiley. doi:10.1002/9780470434697

Koch, Bernard, Denton, Emily, Hanna, Alex, Foster, Jacob G. (2021). Reduced, Reused and Recycled: The Life of a Dataset in Machine Learning Research arXiv preprint. arXiv:2112.01716

Koopman, Robert, Wang, Zhi, Wei, Shang-Jin (2014). Tracing Value-Added and Double Counting in Gross Exports American Economic Review 104(2) 459–494. doi:10.1257/aer.104.2.459

Kwa, Thomas, others (2025). Measuring AI Ability to Complete Long Software Tasks arXiv preprint. arXiv:2503.14499 METR; arXiv:2503.14499

Leamer, Edward E. (1983). Let's take the con out of econometrics American Economic Review 73(1) 31–43

Little, Roderick J. A., Rubin, Donald B. (2019). Statistical Analysis with Missing Data Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781119482260

Zheng, Lianmin, others (2026). LMArena (Chatbot Arena). Online resource Crowd pairwise-comparison platform providing Elo ratings.

Manheim, David, Garrabrant, Scott (2018). Categorizing Variants of Goodhart's Law arXiv preprint. arXiv:1803.04585

Maslej, Nestor, others (2024). Artificial Intelligence Index Report 2024 arXiv preprint. arXiv:2405.19522 Stanford Institute for Human-Centered AI; arXiv:2405.19522. The 2026 edition was released in April 2026.

Merton, Robert K. (1968). The Matthew Effect in Science Science 159(3810) 56–63. doi:10.1126/science.159.3810.56

Messick, Samuel (1995). Validity of psychological assessment: Validation of inferences from persons' responses and performances as scientific inquiry into score meaning American Psychologist 50(9) 741–749. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.50.9.741

Nardo, Michela, Saisana, Michaela, Saltelli, Andrea and Tarantola, Stefano, Hoffmann, Anders, Giovannini, Enrico (2005). Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators: Methodology and User Guide. doi:10.1787/533411815016

National Institute of Standards, Technology (2023). Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0). doi:10.6028/NIST.AI.100-1

Organisation for Economic Co-operation, Development (2019). OECD AI Principles. Online resource Updated 2024

Oxford Insights (2025). Government AI Readiness Index. Online resource, 2025 edition Covers 195 governments; annual since 2017.

Page, Lawrence, Brin, Sergey, Motwani, Rajeev, Winograd, Terry (1999). The PageRank Citation Ranking: Bringing Order to the Web

Pan, Jane, He, He, Bowman, Samuel R., Feng, Shi (2024). Spontaneous Reward Hacking in Iterative Self-Refinement arXiv preprint. arXiv:2407.04549

Pleskac, Timothy J., Kyung, Ellie J., Chapman, Gretchen B., Urminsky, Oleg (2026). Blinded versus Unblinded Review: A Field Study on the Equity of Peer-Review Processes Management Science 72(4) 2702–2719. doi:10.1287/mnsc.2022.01646

Rousseeuw, Peter J., Croux, Christophe (1993). Alternatives to the median absolute deviation Journal of the American Statistical Association 88(424) 1273–1283. doi:10.1080/01621459.1993.10476408

Rubin, Donald B. (1976). Inference and missing data Biometrika 63(3) 581–592. doi:10.1093/biomet/63.3.581

Saisana, Michaela, Saltelli, Andrea, Tarantola, Stefano (2005). Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis techniques as tools for the quality assessment of composite indicators Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 168(2) 307–323. doi:10.1111/j.1467-985X.2005.00350.x

Salganik, Matthew J., Watts, Duncan J. (2008). Leading the herd astray: An experimental study of self-fulfilling prophecies in an artificial cultural market Social Psychology Quarterly 71(4) 338–355. doi:10.1177/019027250807100404

Santurkar, Shibani, others (2023). Whose Opinions Do Language Models Reflect? Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). arXiv:2303.17548

Sevilla, Jaime, Heim, Lennart, Ho, Anson, Besiroglu, Tamay, Hobbhahn, Marius, Villalobos, Pablo (2022). Compute Trends Across Three Eras of Machine Learning Proceedings of the 2022 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). arXiv:2202.05924 Epoch AI; arXiv:2202.05924

Shevlane, Toby, others (2023). Model evaluation for extreme risks arXiv preprint. arXiv:2305.15324

Skalse, Joar, Howe, Nikolaus H. R., Krasheninnikov, Dmitrii, Krueger, David (2022). Defining and Characterizing Reward Hacking Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 35 (NeurIPS). arXiv:2209.13085

Srivastava, Aarohi, others (2023). Beyond the Imitation Game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language models Transactions on Machine Learning Research. arXiv:2206.04615 BIG-bench authors; arXiv:2206.04615

Strathern, Marilyn (1997). 'Improving ratings': audit in the British University system European Review 5(3) 305–321. doi:10.1017/S1062798700002660

Tortoise Media (2024). The Global AI Index. Online resource, 5th edition 83 countries, 122 indicators, three pillars (investment, innovation, implementation); began circa 2020.

Uhlenbeck, George E., Ornstein, Leonard S. (1930). On the theory of the Brownian motion Physical Review 36(5) 823–841. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.36.823

Wang, Peiyi, others (2023). Large Language Models are not Fair Evaluators arXiv preprint. arXiv:2305.17926

Winner, Langdon (1980). Do Artifacts Have Politics? Daedalus 109(1) 121–136. Reprint DOI 10.4324/9781315259697-21

Zheng, Lianmin, others (2023). Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arena Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36 (NeurIPS). arXiv:2306.05685

非实盘 · 非金融交易 · 无充值功能 · 不涉及投资建议